NEW DELHI: Data Privacy Day is internationally observed annually on 28 January. It aims to raise awareness about the importance of protecting personal data and privacy in the digital age. Also known as Data Protection Day, it was designated in 2006 by the Council of Europe to commemorate the signing of Convention 108—the world’s first legally binding international treaty on data protection.
Data privacy is a foundational pillar of responsible digital governance. It protects and safeguards citizens’ personal information across large-scale digital public platforms. Data privacy builds public trust by strengthening confidence in government-led digital services. Robust data privacy frameworks enable responsible digital use by promoting the safe, ethical, and secure adoption of digital technologies. They also help reduce data and cyber risks by preventing misuse, mitigating cyber threats, and identifying data-related frauds. Furthermore, strong data protection regimes enhance governance and accountability by ensuring transparency, effective oversight, and clearly defined institutional responsibilities.
In an increasingly digital society, safeguarding personal data is essential to sustaining trust, security, and inclusion. As digital public platforms expand in scale and impact, a strong commitment to data privacy ensures that innovation remains citizen-centric, ethical, and accountable. Observing Data Privacy Day reinforces the collective responsibility of governments, institutions, and citizens in protecting digital rights.
INDIA’S EXPANDING DIGITAL FOOTPRINT AND PRIVACY IMPERATIVE
India’s rapid digitalisation has transformed the way citizens interact with the State, access services, and participate in governance. Digital platforms now operate at population scale, making data a critical public resource that underpins service delivery, inclusion, and innovation. While this transformation has delivered efficiency and accessibility, it has also heightened the importance of safeguarding personal data. As India’s digital footprint continues to expand, embedding privacy and security into digital systems has become a central governance priority.
Scale and reach of India’s digital public infrastructure (India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)) has emerged as the backbone of its digital transformation, enabling seamless delivery of services and large-scale citizen participation. Flagship initiatives such as Aadhaar have established a trusted digital identity framework, while UPI has revolutionised everyday financial transactions through real-time digital payments. Platforms supporting paperless governance have streamlined public service delivery, and citizen centric platforms such as MyGov, with over 6 crore users, have strengthened participatory governance, while eSanjeevani has facilitated more than 44 crore digital health consultations, significantly expanding access to healthcare. Together, these initiatives demonstrate the scale, depth, and inclusiveness of India’s DPI, while also reinforcing the need for strong data protection and privacy safeguards to sustain trust at scale.
Connectivity, affordability and digital inclusion at population scale: India’s digital scale is reinforced by its position as the world’s third-largest digitalised economy, supported by over 101.7 crore broadband subscribers (as of Sept 2024), each spending an average of 1,000 minutes online. Affordable connectivity, at $0.10 per GB (2025) of mobile data, has further accelerated adoption, positioning India among the most connected and digitally inclusive societies globally. Today, digital platforms touch core aspects of daily life, including identity verification, payments, healthcare delivery, education, grievance redressal, and citizen participation, making digital access a defining feature of India’s socio-economic landscape. Strengthening privacy and cybersecurity: The scale that powers inclusion and efficiency also intensifies the privacy and the cybersecurity imperative. The exponential growth in digital interactions has led to a surge in the volume and sensitivity of personal data being generated, processed, and stored, increasing exposure to risks such as data misuse, cyber threats, and privacy breaches. Recognizing this, the Government has strengthened institutional safeguards through enhanced data protection and cybersecurity frameworks, including an allocation of Rs 782 crore for cybersecurity projects (2025-26).
NATIONAL DATA PRIVACY AND SECURITY READINESS
As digital technologies increasingly underpin governance, service delivery, and economic activity, ensuring robust data privacy and cybersecurity has become a national priority. India’s expanding digital ecosystem requires a strong legal and institutional framework that protects personal data, secures digital transactions, and builds trust among citizens and businesses. In response, India has put in place a comprehensive and evolving regulatory architecture that balances privacy protection with innovation, accountability, and ease of compliance.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT) ACT, 2000
The IT Act, 2000 is India’s core law for cyberspace, providing the legal basis for e-governance, digital commerce, and cybersecurity. In alignment with the National Data Protection and Cybersecurity objectives, the Act grants legal recognition to electronic records and digital signatures, enabling secure online transactions and digital delivery of public services. The Act also establishes key cybersecurity and regulatory mechanisms, including CERT-In as the national incident response agency, along with adjudicatory and appellate bodies for cyber disputes. Provisions such as Sections 4, 3A, 6, 46, 69A, and 70B collectively support authentication, e-governance, adjudication, content blocking for national security, and cyber incident management, forming a robust and secure digital framework for India.
IT (INTERMEDIARY GUIDELINES AND DIGITAL MEDIA ETHICS CODE) RULES, 2021
The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, notified under the Information Technology Act, have been formulated in line with India’s evolving data security and cybersecurity requirements. The Rules lay down due diligence requirements for intermediaries to ensure a safe, trusted, and transparent online environment. Under the Rules, all intermediaries are mandated to establish a robust grievance redressal mechanism for addressing complaints from users or victims in a time-bound manner.
DIGITAL PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION (DPDP) ACT, 2023
The DPDP Act, 2023, enacted on 11 August 2023, governs the processing of personal data collected through digital means, including data digitised from offline sources. The Act seeks to strike a careful balance between protecting individual privacy and enabling lawful data use to support innovation, service delivery, and economic growth. It follows a SARAL approach: Simple, Accessible, Rational, and Actionable, to ensure clarity, ease of understanding, and practical compliance for all stakeholders.
At its core, the DPDP Act empowers citizens as Data Principals, placing individuals at the centre of India’s data protection framework by granting them eight rights, greater control over their personal data, and assurance that organizations handling such data remain responsible, transparent, and accountable.
DIGITAL PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION RULES, 2025
Notified on 13 November 2025, the Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 operationalise the DPDP Act, 2023, strengthening India’s data protection framework. Altogether, they establish a clear, citizen centric regime that safeguards personal data while enabling innovation and responsible use.
The Rules place individuals at the centre by empowering citizens with enforceable rights, enhancing accountability of organisations, and curbing misuse and unauthorised exploitation of data. Together, the DPDP Act and Rules provide regulatory clarity and balance privacy with innovation, supporting a secure, transparent, and future-ready digital economy.
Altogether, these frameworks constitute a coherent and forward-looking approach to data governance in India. By clearly defining rights, responsibilities, and enforcement mechanisms, these measures strengthen institutional accountability, empower citizens, and foster trust in digital systems. As India’s digital economy continues to grow in scale and complexity, this robust legal and regulatory foundation ensures that data-driven innovation remains secure, transparent, and citizen centric, reinforcing India’s readiness for a resilient and future-ready digital ecosystem.
ADDITIONAL NATIONAL MEASURES FOR DATA SECURITY
The Government of India has undertaken multiple initiatives to strengthen cybersecurity standards, reinforce digital infrastructure, and promote cyber awareness, with the objective of ensuring an open, safe, trusted, and accountable Internet ecosystem. In view of evolving cyber threats, the following measures have been implemented:
Incident Prevention, Response, and Security Management: IT Act, 2000, establishes CERT-In as a nodal agency responsible for cybersecurity, with a vision of proactively securing India’s cyberspace, and to enhance the security of India’s Communications and Information Infrastructure through proactive measures and effective collaboration.
National Coordination for Cyber and Data Security: The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) approved in October 2018, established by the Ministry of Home Affairs, serves as the national nodal agency to prevent, detect, and respond to cybercrime, with a special focus on crimes against women and children, supported by early warning systems and trend analysis. It also facilitates easy cybercrime reporting, builds public awareness, and strengthens the capacity of States/UTs through training of law enforcement, prosecutors, and judicial officers in cyber forensics, investigation, and cyber hygiene.
Citizen centric Data Protection and Fraud Response Systems: Platforms such as the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (NCRP) operational from January 2020 and the Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Reporting and Management System (CFCFRMS) enable timely reporting of cyber incidents and financial frauds, supported by the nationwide helpline 1930, helping safeguard personal and financial data at scale.
Real Time Interventions: A dedicated Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC) launched in September 2024 facilitates real-time data sharing and coordinated response among banks, financial institutions, telecom service providers, and Law Enforcement Agencies, enabling rapid blocking of compromised accounts, SIM cards, and devices used in cyber-enabled fraud.
Digital Infrastructure Protection and Enforcement Tools: The Government has strengthened enforcement through digital platforms such as Sahyog for expedited takedown of unlawful online content, and the Suspect Registry, developed in collaboration with financial institutions, to identify and disrupt mule accounts and fraud-linked digital identifiers. Additionally, indigenous cybersecurity tools are being deployed by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) to strengthen self-reliance and reduce dependence on foreign security solutions. Cyber Forensics and Investigation: National Cyber Forensic Laboratories provide specialised forensic and investigative support to States/UTs, enhancing national capacity for data breach analysis, evidence preservation, and cyber incident prosecution.
Data-Driven Analytics: The Samanvaya Platform launched in September 2024, functions as a national Management Information System and analytics system for cybercrime data, enabling inter-State coordination, crime pattern analysis, and geo-mapping of cybercrime infrastructure to support data-informed enforcement actions.
Human and Institutional Capabilities: Capacity-building efforts such as the CyTrain digital learning platform launched in March 2020 and the Cyber Commando Programme launched in September 2024 are strengthening a skilled cybersecurity workforce, complemented by the Information Security Education & Awareness (ISEA) programme and its dedicated portal (www.infosecawareness.in), while the Certified Security Professional in Artificial Intelligence (CSPAI) programme launched by CERT-In in September 2024 equips professionals to secure AI systems and address emerging AI-related cyber threats.
National Awareness Campaigning: The Cyber Swachhta Kendra (CSK), a citizen-focused initiative of CERT-In, functions as a Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre. It provides free tools for malware detection and removal, disseminates cybersecurity best practices, and issues daily alerts on botnet and malware infections along with remedial measures to organisations across sectors. These initiatives reflect the Government of India’s comprehensive and forward-looking approach to cybersecurity, combining standards, capacity building, citizen awareness, and crisis preparedness. By strengthening institutional mechanisms and aligning with global best practices, India continues to enhance trust, resilience, and security across its digital ecosystem in the face of evolving cyber threats.
CONCLUSION
Data Privacy Day serves as a timely reminder that trust is the cornerstone of India’s rapidly expanding digital ecosystem. As digital public infrastructure increasingly shapes governance, service delivery, and everyday life across the country, protecting personal data is not merely a technical requirement but a democratic imperative.
India’s evolving legal frameworks, strong institutional mechanisms, and citizen centric initiatives reflect a firm commitment to ensuring that digital innovation remains safe, ethical, and accountable.
With the rollout of the Digital Personal Data Protection Framework, strengthened cybersecurity institutions, and sustained investments in capacity building and awareness, India is steadily advancing towards a secure and future-ready digital environment.