Should We Mine the Moon? Experts Call for Regulations Before Exploitation Begins

By the end of this decade, nations and private companies may begin mining the surface of the Moon, raising critical questions about the implications of such activities. As space becomes increasingly accessible, experts emphasize the need for regulations to protect humanity’s shared future in space and to preserve the Moon as a symbol of inspiration for generations to come.

The Rationale Behind Lunar Mining

NASA’s multibillion-dollar Artemis program aims not only to return astronauts to the Moon but also to lay the groundwork for future mining operations. China is pursuing similar ambitions, igniting a new lunar race among private companies eager to extract the Moon’s resources. Currently, all supplies for space exploration are transported from Earth, making essentials like water and fuel prohibitively expensive. For instance, the cost of a single liter of water on the Moon can exceed that of gold. However, by converting lunar water ice into hydrogen and oxygen, spacecraft could be refueled on-site, facilitating deeper space missions, particularly to Mars. Additionally, the Moon’s abundance of rare Earth metals could alleviate pressure on Earth’s dwindling reserves.

Potential Changes to the Moon’s Appearance

Mining activities could alter the Moon’s visual landscape. The extraction process kicks up lunar dust, which can travel significant distances due to the lack of atmosphere. This dust, which is “space weathered” and less reflective than the material beneath, could lead to visible changes over time, with some areas appearing brighter and others duller. Managing lunar dust will be essential to ensure sustainable and minimally disruptive mining practices.

Ownership and Legal Implications

The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 prohibits any nation from claiming ownership of the Moon or other celestial bodies. However, the legality of commercial resource extraction remains ambiguous. The 1979 Moon Treaty designates the Moon and its resources as the “common heritage of mankind,” which many interpret as a ban on commercial mining. Conversely, the 2020 Artemis Accords permit mining while reaffirming the Outer Space Treaty’s stance against ownership claims. The Outer Space Treaty also stipulates that space exploration should benefit all of humanity, not just wealthier nations and corporations.

Worker Safety and Rights in Lunar Mining

The prospect of lunar mining raises concerns about the working conditions for miners. The harsh environment could lead to health hazards such as bone and muscle loss, osteoporosis, renal and cardiovascular damage, and impaired immunity. Additionally, exposure to cosmic radiation poses increased cancer risks and potential fertility issues. Prolonged isolation and psychological stress are also significant concerns for workers in such an extreme setting.

Experts warn that without proper regulations, the potential for exploitation is high. British astrobiologist Charles S. Cockell has described space as “tyranny-prone,” suggesting that powerful individuals could abuse workers who have limited options.

While the Moon presents exciting opportunities for human exploration and resource extraction, history has shown the dangers of unchecked exploitation. Before embarking on lunar mining, it is crucial to establish robust regulations that prioritize fairness, safety, and human rights, ensuring that the Moon remains a beacon of hope and inspiration for future generations.