Wear face mask, avoid outdoor exercises, say experts as pollution peaks

On Sunday, a thin layer of smog enveloped sections of the national capital, with the Air Quality Index (AQI) categorized as ‘hazardous.’ Numerous areas recorded AQI levels surpassing 350, prompting serious health concerns for local residents.
To gain insights into the situation, we turn to experts Dr Vikas Mittal, Pulmonologist at C K Birla Hospital, and Dr. Puneet Khanna, HOD and Consultant Pulmonology, Manipal Hospitals

Q: What are the primary health risks associated with prolonged exposure to very poor air quality, particularly for sensitive groups such as older adults, children, and pregnant women?
Dr. Khanna: Air quality deteriorates drastically around Diwali to hazardous levels as a thick layer of smog mixed with dangerous chemicals usually engulfs the city. Breathlessness, coughing fit, chest tightness, asthma, pulmonary disease, rhinitis, and pneumonia are some of the common ill effects of high levels of PM2.5 around Diwali, particularly in vulnerable age groups like older adults, children, and pregnant women. In addition, every 100ug/m3 increase in levels leads to a 30% increase in eye irritation, and chest and heart symptoms. The concentrations of the ultra-fine PM2.5 reaches as high as 1000 ug/m3, nearly 17 times the safe limit of 60 ug/m3. The levels are usually highest in the early morning and late evenings.

Q: What specific preventive measures should older adults take to minimize the health impact of poor air quality?
Dr. Khanna: Older adults should adopt several protective measures to mitigate the effects of poor air quality. Staying indoors during peak pollution hours, typically early mornings and late evenings, can limit exposure to high pollutant concentrations. Investing in a high-quality N95 mask can provide an added layer of protection when outdoor activities are unavoidable. An air purifier for living spaces can significantly reduce indoor pollutant levels. Staying hydrated is essential, as water helps clear mucus from the respiratory tract, aiding the body’s natural defenses. Regular check-ups with pulmonologist to assess lung function are also recommended, especially during pollution-heavy seasons.

Q: Are there particular recommendations for vulnerable groups like senior citizens, young children and also for pregnant women to protect themselves and their unborn child from the harmful effects of pollution?
Dr. Khanna: As there is a tremendous surge in hospitalizations (up by 25-30%) related to chest and heart conditions, these patients should avoid moving outdoors during early morning and late evening. If they are suffering from respiratory ailments, then they should take their anti-asthma and heart medications regularly and should wear a good quality face mask when they move out during daytime.

Q4: Can indoor air purifiers help mitigate the effects of poor outdoor air quality? If so, what type of purifiers would you recommend?
Dr. Khanna: Though no specific air purifiers have shown superiority over others, its usage is recommended in elderly and those who stay in house for longer duration. Purifiers with HEPA filters are shown to be better controlling indoor pollution

Q: What type of face masks (e.g., N95, KN95) are most effective for protecting against air pollution, and are they recommended for children and older adults?
Dr Mittal: N95 masks are effective for protection against air pollution. For AQI levels above 300, it is advisable for children and older adults to stay indoors, though N95 masks can be used by those who must go outside.

Q: Are there any dietary recommendations to boost immunity against the harmful effects of pollution?
Dr Mittal: A nutritious diet rich in quality proteins, vitamins, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and, if necessary, over-the-counter supplements can help boost immunity.

Q: What lifestyle adjustments, such as exercise routines or sleep patterns, might help mitigate the impact of air pollution?
Dr. Khanna: To help combat the effects of air pollution, integrating low-impact aerobic exercises—such as walking or cycling indoors on days with poor air quality—can help maintain lung health without overexposing the lungs to pollutants. It’s also important to avoid outdoor exercises during peak pollution times, typically early mornings or late evenings in urban areas. As for sleep, maintaining a consistent schedule of 6-8 hours can better the immune system and improve lung function recovery. Additionally, using an air purifier in the bedroom may improve indoor air quality and promote restful sleep, further helping the body recover from daily pollutant exposure.

Q: What early symptoms should people watch out for that may indicate a health problem due to air pollution?
Dr. Khanna: Early warning signs of pollution-related respiratory issues include a persistent cough, difficulty breathing, unexpected fatigue, disrupted sleep, and general lethargy. These symptoms may initially seem mild, but they can signal an increased load on the respiratory system. It’s essential to consult a pulmonologist if these symptoms persist or worsen, as early detection can help prevent long-term damage. Routine lung health assessments, including lung function tests, are also recommended to monitor any subtle changes in respiratory efficiency.

Q: Should sensitive individuals, especially those with pre-existing respiratory or heart conditions, consider more frequent check-ups during high pollution seasons?
Dr. Mittal: Yes, individuals with existing respiratory or heart conditions should consult their doctors more frequently during high-pollution seasons. They should continue regular vaccinations and medications without interruption, avoid self-medicating, and seek medical advice promptly if symptoms arise.