Indian-American astronaut Sunita Williams and her colleague Butch Wilmore have been in space for over 50 days, far exceeding their initial 10-day mission due to unexpected technical difficulties with their spacecraft. This extended stay in orbit poses risks to their muscle mass and bone density due to the absence of gravitational force.
To gain insight into the effects of this prolonged spaceflight, we consulted an expert on muscle mass and bone density both on Earth and in space.
Muscle mass refers to the quantity of soft muscle tissue in the body, which is crucial for movement, posture maintenance, and supporting bodily functions, according to Medical News Today. Bone density, which measures the concentration of minerals like calcium and phosphorus in bones, indicates the risk of osteoporosis.
Dr. Sreenivasachary Avancha, a senior consultant at Gleneagles Hospitals, LB Nagar, Hyderabad, noted that the loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia) and bone density (osteoporosis) has significant implications both on Earth and in space. “On Earth, sarcopenia results in diminished strength, balance, and mobility, increasing the likelihood of falls and fractures. Osteoporosis makes bones more fragile and prone to breaks. Together, these conditions can severely impact quality of life and independence,” explained Dr. Avancha.
The effects of these conditions are amplified in space due to the lack of gravity, Dr. Avancha elaborated.
Astronauts experience rapid muscle atrophy and bone de-mineralization in space. “Without the gravitational forces that provide resistance, muscles weaken quickly, and bones lose minerals, especially calcium, at an accelerated rate compared to Earth. This leads to reduced bone density and muscle strength, which poses significant health risks when returning to Earth’s gravity,” Dr. Avancha stated.
What can be done to mitigate these effects? Dr. Avancha highlighted that preventative measures, such as resistance exercises and proper nutrition, are vital in both settings. “On Earth, engaging in weight-bearing activities and maintaining a diet rich in protein and calcium can help counteract these effects. In space, astronauts follow rigorous exercise routines and may use supplements to address the rapid decline,” he said.
Understanding these physiological changes is essential for preserving health and functionality both on Earth and during space missions.
